The list of references or bibliography will be at the end of your assignment/research paper, and will usually have the heading References. References must be listed in alphabetical order.
Note: Ensure that each resource you have used in the text of your assignment appears on your reference list, and that they are identical in spelling and year.
The following elements must be included in a reference:
Works by the same author and published in the same year are distinguished by letters appended to the year.
Example: If you are using two references by R. M. Smith, and both were published in 1998, one will bear the date 1998a and the other 1998b, and in-text citations will reflect this.
Note: Reference electronic books and online journal articles in the same way as print resources unless otherwise specified.
Author/s(surname then initials, commas between multiple authors, use & between two
authors). Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples:
Dytham, C. 1999. Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist's Guide. Oxford:
Blackwell Scientific.
Martin, P. & Bateson, P. 1999. Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide.
2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author of article/chapter.Year. Title of article/chapter. In: Title of book (Ed. by
Name of editor/s), pagination of article. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples:
Jeanne, R. L. 1991. Polyethism. In: The Social Biology of Wasps (Ed. by K. G.
Ross & R. W. Matthews), pp. 389-425. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University
Press.
Hartse, K. M. 1994. Sleep in insects and nonmammalian vertebrates. In: Principles
and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 2nd edn. (Ed. by M. H. Kryger, T. Roth & W.
C. Dement), pp. 95-104. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Author/s. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, Volume, Page numbers.
Examples:
Visscher, P. K. & Dukas, R. 1995. Honey bees recognize development of
nestmates' ovaries. Animal Behaviour, 49, 542-544.
Henshaw, M. J., Strassmann, J. E., Quach, S. Q. & Queller, D. C. 2000. Male
production in Parachartergus colobopterus, a neotropical, swarm-founding
wasp. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 12, 161-174.
Examples:
Johnson, D. D. P., Macdonald, D. W. & Dickman, A. J. 1999. A review of
models of the sociobiology of the Mustelidae. In: 3rd European Congress of
Mammalogy (Symposium no 6, Biology of Mustelidae). Jyvaskyla, Finland.
If the conference proceedings have volume numbers, reference as you would a journal article:
Madden, J. R. 2002. Bower decorations attract females but provoke other male
spotted bowerbirds: Bower owners resolve this trade-off. Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London, Series B, 269, 1347-1351.
Author. Year. Title. MSc/PhD etc thesis, Name of university.
Example:
Freedberg, S. 2003. Natal homing in a freshwater turtle demonstrated through
mitochondrial sequencing and mark-recapture data. Ph.D. thesis, Indiana
University.
Author/s. Year. Title of report. Who the report was prepared for (if available).
City/Place of publication: Publisher. Pages.
Examples:
May, T. W. & Avram, J. 1997. The Conservation Status and Distribution of
Macrofungi in Victoria. A report prepared for the Australian Heritage
Commission. Melbourne: Royal Botanic Gardens. 43 p.
Blackwell, R. G. 1997. Abundance, Size Composition, and Sex Ratio of Blue Cod
in the Marlborough Sounds, September 1995. NIWA Technical Report 88. 52
p.
Bell, J. D. 1997. Results from the Akaroa Harbour Recreational Fishing Survey 1997.
Final Research Report for Ministry of Fisheries Project REC9705. 51 p.
(Unpublished report held by Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington).
Author/s or corporate author.Year of publication/latest update. Title of webpage.
Webpage address/URL (date accessed).
If a year of publication does not appear on the web page, use (n.d.) in place of the year.
Examples:
Snowdon, C. T. 1997. Significance of Animal Behaviour Research.
http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/valueofa.htm (accessed February 2004).
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2008 Animal Diversity Web.
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html (accessed
February 2012).
Mariner 2002: Undergraduate student information. 2002.
http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/ns/Notices/General/Mariner/Contents.html
(accessed April 2002).
Central South Island Glacial Geomorphology (n.d.).
http://wyvern.gns.cri.nz/website/csigg/ (accessed August 2004).
Use web sites mainly to find references to the primary literature, not as sources in themselves (because they are not peer-reviewed and not permanent).