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MHRA Referencing Guide: Audiovisual

The MHRA style guide offers detailed examples and formatting guidance for citing sources in humanities research. It covers books, articles, websites, and more using footnotes and bibliographies.

Film recording

Format

Title of Film, dir. by First and Last Name of Director/s, Performers (if appropriate), (Distributor, Date) [on format].

First Footnote

No country for old men, dir. by Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (Miramax Films and Paramount Pictures, 2007) [on DVD].

Second and Subsequent Footnote

No country for old men.

Bibliography

No country for old men, dir. by Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (Miramax Films and Paramount Pictures, 2007) [on DVD].

Notes

  • Perfomers (e.g. actors) can be included in the reference, if applicable.

Film recording from a database

Format

Title of Film, dir. by First and Last Name of Director/s, Performers (if appropriate), (Distributor, Date) in name of database <URL> [accessed date].

First Footnote

Children of men, dir. by Alfonso Cuarón, (Universal Pictures and United International Pictures, 2006) in Kanopy https://www.kanopy.com/en/waikato/video/51407 [accessed 19 February 2024].

Second and Subsequent Footnote

Children of men

Bibliography

Children of men, dir. by Alfonso Cuarón, (Universal Pictures and United International Pictures, 2006) in Kanopy https://www.kanopy.com/en/waikato/video/51407 [accessed 19 February 2024].

Notes

  • Perfomers (e.g. actors) can be included in the reference, if applicable.

TV or radio episode broadcast

Format

'Title of Episode', Title of Series in Italics, Channel or Station Name, Date of Broadcast, Time of Broadcast (if relevant).

First Footnote

'Dead Man's Folly', Agatha Christie's Poirot, BBC4, 30 October 2014, 00:30am.

Second and Subsequent Footnote

Dead Man's Folly.

Bibliography

'Dead Man's Folly', Agatha Christie's Poirot, BBC4, 30 October 2014, 00:30am.

Notes

  • If the URL of the podcast is unknown (e.g., if accessed via an app such as Spotify or Apple Podcasts), omit the URL.
  • If the podcast does not number episodes, omit the number from the reference.
  • To cite a direct quote from audio visual material, include a 'time stamp' in the in-text citation. This refers to the time that the quote started. 

TV or radio episode recorded

Format

'Title of Episode', Title of Series in Italics , (Production Company, Year) [Format].

First Footnote

'Dead Man's Folly', Agatha Christie's Poirot, (BBC Home Entertainment, 2014) [DVD]

Second and Subsequent Footnote

Dead Man's Folly.

Bibliography

'Dead Man's Folly', Agatha Christie's Poirot (BBC Home Entertainment, 2014) [DVD].

Notes

  • If recording is from a streaming service or database, use the same format as the film recording from a database example.

Music Score

Format

Artist, A. (Year). Name of track in sentence case [Song]. On Title of album in italic sentence case. Name/s of Record Label/s.

First Footnote

Richard Wagner, Tristan und Isolde, study score, Edition Eulenburg no. 905 (London: Eulenburg, n.d.), Prelude.

Second and Subsequent Footnote

Wagner, Transfiguration.

Bibliography

Wagner, Richard, Tristan und Isolde, study score, Edition Eulenburg no. 905 (London: Eulenburg, n.d.)

Notes

  • For first footnote, include movement if applicable.

Music Recording - on CD, DVD, database, online.

Format

Author First and Last name, Title of Musical Composition, Performer / artist / group (if appropriate), conductor (Place of publication (if available): Publisher/ Production/Recording Company, Date) [on format].

First Footnote

Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Concerto no. 5, Mitsuko Uchida, Symphonieorchester des Beyerischen Rundfunks, cond. by Kurt Sanderling (Phillips, 462 586-2, 1998) [on CD].

Second and Subsequent Footnote

Beethoven.

Bibliography

Beethoven, Ludwig van, Piano Concerto no. 5, Mitsuko Uchida, Symphonieorchester des Beyerischen Rundfunks, cond. by Kurt Sanderling (Phillips, 462 586-2, 1998) [on CD]

Notes

  • in name of database <URL> [accessed date] if applicable.
  • <URL> [accessed date] if applicable.
  • For subsequent footnote, include movement if applicable.

Videogames

Format

Author or Designer (if applicable), Name of Game, (Publisher, Date) [format].

First Footnote

Red Dead Redemption 2, (Rockstar Games, 2018) [PS4], [Xbox One], [Microsoft Windows], [Stadia].

Second and Subsequent Footnote

Red Dead Redemption 2

Bibliography

Red Dead Redemption 2, (Rockstar Games, 2018) [PS4], [Xbox One], [Microsoft Windows], [Stadia].

Notes

  • City where game studio is located no longer required.

YouTube

Format

Author, Title, type of source, title of website (e.g. YouTube), date, <URL>, [date accessed].

First Footnote

University of Waikato, Welcome to the University of Waikato, online video recording, YouTube, 7 December 2023, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndOEu7ZifCY> [accessed 12 January 2024].

Second and Subsequent Footnote

University of Waikato.

Bibliography

University of Waikato, Welcome to the University of Waikato, online video recording, YouTube, 7 December 2023, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndOEu7ZifCY> [accessed 12 January 2024].